mardi 29 novembre 2016

Genesis 2:17 - Same Day? Are There Long-Age Implications?


Genesis 2 : [17] But of the tree of knowledge of good and evil, thou shalt not eat. For in what day soever thou shalt eat of it, thou shalt die the death.

There are two Catholic exegesis of this one, and they do not contradict, though they do not say the same either. Rather they are complementary.

The most important one, since concerned directly with salvation matter, is that the same day that Adam ate of the fruit - literally same 24 hour period, even same hour - he died spiritually from grace.

He had enjoyed the life of grace without effort, he died from it by sinning, and he was to regain it by penance. But that day, he died.

Committing a mortal sin and retaining the life of grace are not compatible.

For this we have for instance St Gregory the Great.

The less important one is this, that he died physically within the same 1000 years.

Psalm 89 : [4] For a thousand years in thy sight are as yesterday, which is past. And as a watch in the night,

This is paraphrased in NT, probably already Jewish tradition, as:

II Peter 3 : [8] But of this one thing be not ignorant, my beloved, that one day with the Lord is as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day.

So, there is in fact one application for this principle in Genesis, namely in Genesis 2:17. Adam died within one thousand years:

Genesis 5 : [5] And all the time that Adam lived came to nine hundred and thirty years, and he died.

And we can be sure Eve did not survive him for more than seventy years, and most probably not even that long. Genesis 2:17 is correctly fulfilled by the fact that Adam and Eve died the same millennium in which they ate of the fruit that was forbidden to them.

Here is a quote from Justin Martyr about it:

Justin Martyr

"For as Adam was told that in the day he ate of the tree he would die, we know that he did not complete a thousand years [Gen. 5:5]. We have perceived, moreover, that the expression ‘The day of the Lord is a thousand years’ [Ps. 90:4] is connected with this subject" (Dialogue with Trypho the Jew 81 [A.D. 155]).


It's source is this page on Catholic Answers:

Creation and Genesis*
http://www.catholic.com/tracts/creation-and-genesis


It would behasty to conclude from this, as they do, that this applies to the days of creation as well, but it remains that it applies to Genesis 2:17.

As I quoted the page, where it quotes Church Father St Justin (and it quotes St Irenaeus in exactly the same sense) I will now quote an introductory passage which is not a Patristic quote and refute it, dividing into parts:

I
The writings of the Fathers, who were much closer than we are in time and culture to the original audience of Genesis, show that this was not the case. There was wide variation of opinion on how long creation took.

A
There were two opinions : a creation that took six ordinary days confirmed by the seventh day of rest, and a creation that was timeless, and therefore one instant. The latter was the view of Origen (it seems) and at least partly of St Augustine.

The latter however first gives the one week explanation, and after explaining the one moment one, he adds that the one week one is OK, if someone thinks the one moment one is too complicated.

II
Some said only a few days; others argued for a much longer, indefinite period.

A
No one actually did argue for a much longer period. Where Clement says "indefinite" he also says

That, then, we may be taught that the world was originated and not suppose that God made it in time


Note, he doesn't say : "That, then, we may be taught that the world was originated and not suppose that God made it in a short time"

He says indefinite and dateless, but if this were to be taken as "a much longer period", that certainly would involve a creation in time.

"Not in time" does not mean in a long time, it can only mean, precisely as St Augustine later takes it to mean in a single instant. A long time can not be same thing as or compatible with "not in time". Or same thing as or compatible with "x did not happen in time" or "God did not do x in time".

III
Those who took the latter view appealed to the fact "that with the Lord one day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day" (2 Pet. 3:8; cf. Ps. 90:4), that light was created on the first day, but the sun was not created till the fourth day (Gen. 1:3, 16), and that Adam was told he would die the same "day" as he ate of the tree, yet he lived to be 930 years old (Gen. 2:17, 5:5).

This
I further divide into two parts, one with first and last, one with middle.

III a
Those who took the latter view appealed to the fact "that with the Lord one day is as a thousand years, and a thousand years as one day" (2 Pet. 3:8; cf. Ps. 90:4), ... and that Adam was told he would die the same "day" as he ate of the tree, yet he lived to be 930 years old (Gen. 2:17, 5:5).

A
As seen, this applies to Genesis 2:17 as such, but neither St Justin nor St Irenaeus are quoted as applying it also to the days of Creation, nor do we have any other reason to suppose they did so.

III b
... that light was created on the first day, but the sun was not created till the fourth day (Gen. 1:3, 16), ...

A
Or for that matter, that sun, moon and stars were created fourth day, but plants a day earlier.

The two quotes given about 4th day are by a) Theophilus who says:

"On the fourth day the luminaries came into existence. Since God has foreknowledge, he understood the nonsense of the foolish philosophers who were going to say that the things produced on earth come from the stars, so that they might set God aside. In order therefore that the truth might be demonstrated, plants and seeds came into existence before the stars. For what comes into existence later cannot cause what is prior to it" (To Autolycus 2:15 [A.D. 181]).


So, no contradiction to one week creation, and by b) Origen who says:

And with regard to the creation of the light upon the first day . . . and of the [great] lights and stars upon the fourth . . . we have treated to the best of our ability in our notes upon Genesis, as well as in the foregoing pages, when we found fault with those who, taking the words in their apparent signification, said that the time of six days was occupied in the creation of the world" (ibid., 6:60).


Where we do get a contradiction to the one week creation, but no contradiction to the one moment creation.

We know from St Augustine that at least he thought Origen was a proponent of the latter, and at least in books 5 and 6 of De Genesi ad Literam, St Augustine follows suit.

IV
Catholics are at liberty to believe that creation took a few days or a much longer period,

A
As per Church Fathers more like that creation took a few days and no time at all.

Skipping some
references to non-patristic and I presume apostatic material. Yes, I consider Humani Generis, at least as usually received, to be an incitation to Apostasy. The allocution to UNO scientists next year (1951, Nov.22) even more so. The so called "Catechism of the Catholic Church" is even post-Vatican II and in its beginning is anti-scholastic, so as to say the five ways of St Thomas are not scientific proofs.

V
The following quotations from the Fathers show how widely divergent early Christian views were.

A
Actually, the divergence between Fathers is only between the two options of six literal days or one moment.

But some quotes are thrown in "for good measure", which seem to indicate sth about thousands of years. The two which apply this to Genesis 2:17 we have already dealt with, but there is also the idea that the days of creation (literally one week) prefigure six thousand years of history after creation (literally six thousand years) because of this correspondence.

One of them literally contradicts the idea old agers would have us believe:

"All the years from the creation of the world [to Theophilus’ day] amount to a total of 5,698 years and the odd months and days. . . . [I]f even a chronological error has been committed by us, for example, of 50 or 100 or even 200 years, yet [there have] not [been] the thousands and tens of thousands, as Plato and Apollonius and other mendacious authors have hitherto written. And perhaps our knowledge of the whole number of the years is not quite accurate, because the odd months and days are not set down in the sacred books" (ibid., 3:28–29).


In other words, Theophilus of Antioch is actually calling Plato and Apollonius liars for being old earthers (though much more moderate ones than the Evolutionists and Old Earth Creationists are).


So, I presume that a few readers of this tract on Creation and Genesis first got an impression that Church Fathers allowed long ages in creation week, by the introductory paragraphs, then confirmed the impression by a prejudiced reading of following quotes, then were confronted with the proposal that this or that quote does not mean so at all, then got the impression that Church Fathers really didn't express themselves very clearly, and one must rely on expertise and a kind of monitoring of "present magisterium" by Holy Spirit at every little step to understand that the Church Fathers said sth which ... in reality they did not say. Sadly, such lack of reading skills is not in my fifteen years as a creationist debater a very uncommon thing, especially if the correct and obvios meaning for some reason is unwelcome to the reader.

So, answering questions in title : yes, the physical death of Adam occurred same millennium as his eating the forbidden fruit, and, no, there are no long age implications for creation week itself, neither logically, nor Biblically, nor Patristically.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Vigil of St Andrew, Apostle
29.XI.2016

* Nihil obstat by Bernadeane Carr, STL, Censor Librorum, August 10, 2004, Imprimatur by +Robert H. Brom, Bishop of San Diego, August 10, 2004. The fact they could give a nihil obstat or imprimatur to such slush argues that these safeguards (since back in early days of printing) are of no meaning in the Novus Ordo establishment, meaning it is not the Catholic Church.

lundi 14 novembre 2016

Advantages of a Shorter Carbon 14 Chronology / Letter A of ex oriente - IV - Conclusion


Creation vs. Evolution : 1) C14 Calibrations, comparing two preliminary ones, mine and Tas Walker's · 2) Radioactive Methods Revisited, Especially C-14 · 3) What Some of You are Thinking / Ce que certains de vous sont en train de penser · Great Bishop of Geneva! : 4) Carbon Dating of Turin Shroud and Hacking and Conventional vs Creationist Dating · Creation vs. Evolution : 5) A Fault in my Tables? A Plan for Improvement? · 6) Pre-Flood Biomass and More · 7) Advantages of a Shorter Carbon 14 Chronology · 8) Hasn't Carbon 14 been Confirmatively Calibrated for Ages Beyond Biblical Chronology? By Tree Rings? · HGL's F.B. writings : 9) Comparing with Gerardus D. Bouw Ph. D., Debating with Roger M Pearlman on Chronology · 10) Continuing with Pearlman, Especially on Göbekli Tepe and Dating of Ice Age

Letter A of ex oriente, on Φιλολoγικά/Philologica : I - preliminary to recalibrating, II - continuing the preliminary, III - explanation and results, on Creation vs. Evolution : IV - Conclusion

In other words, things that make better sense with rising Carbon 14 (up to a certain time) and therefore misdatings by normal procedure to be reduced with a steep rise in Carbon 14 after Flood petering out to a stable level, and therefore certain periods being drastically shorter than usually expected.

  • 1) It agrees with the Bible and therefore with Holy Faith.

    That much is obvious.

  • 2) It makes sense of the relationship between Göbekli Tepe and Stonehenge, as per less than five centuries between earliest settlers at Stonehenge, just after abandonment of GT, and first stone circle at Stonehenge.

    As I mentioned here:

    Φιλολoγικά/Philologica : Stonehenge and Göbekli Tepe?
    http://filolohika.blogspot.com/2016/11/stonehenge-and-gobekli-tepe.html


  • 3) It allows cave paintings to come within a span of 200 years or less, considering pre-Flood longevity, Altamira and the rest could all be from same artist, if alive on board the ark.

    As I mentioned, in Swedish, here:

    På Svenska og på Dansk på Antimodernism : Grottkonst med min omräkning
    http://danskantimodernism.blogspot.com/2016/11/grottkonst-med-min-omrakning.html


  • 4) It allows the "Invention of Agriculture" in Natufian etc. to be a some centuries long (or shorter, not sure now) reinvention of crops and new climate rather than a painstaking struggle to refocus on inventing, taking millennia instead of the decade some places seem to have been inhabited. As mentioned here:

    Φιλολoγικά/Philologica : Letter A of ex oriente - III - explanation and results
    http://filolohika.blogspot.com/2016/02/letter-of-ex-oriente-iii-explanation.html


    Copying the dates for all places as per my recalibration and showing extreme dates:

    Abu Madi 8050 - 7840 2670 - 2660
    'Abr 3 7800 - 7735 2660 - 2659?
    Abu Gosh (Abou Ghosh) 6945 2610
    Abu Hureyra 9190 - 6070 2725 - 2561
    Abu Salem 8600 - 8020 2697 - 2670
    Ain Abu Nukhayla 6675 - 6420 appr. 2610 - 2599
    Ain el-Kerkh 7400 - 7215 2644 - 2633
    Ain Jammam 6570 - 6080 2604 - approx. 2565
    Akarçay 6800 - 5520 2617 - 2509
    Aswad 7855 - 6590 2666 - 2604
    Azraq 6400 - 6325 2593 - 2588
     
    Extremes 9190 - 6070 2725 - 2509


    The dates for each place are similarily extreme dates for the objects dated in each of them. 3120 years are reduced to 137 years. A reasonable time for hybridizations, watching for good mutations and a few things like that, if you knew, since before the Flood, what to look for. Sure, the extremes could be extended either way on either scale, if you take into account places beginning on other letters than A.

    But the point is, these guys were not bunglers. And the centuries between Flood and early Natufian (232 years) were probably too wet and muddy on flat ground to try a full scale agriculture.

    Also, it would seem that the amounts of cereals and ceramics found would testify to higher density of population (and a better capacity for feeding them) if the timespan was radically shorter.

    By contrast, the guys who started out finding out grain could grow from planted one grain to ears of six grain or whatever per different cereal and then took 3120 years to make agriculture work and make the neolithic revolution would seem to be impossibly slow for human beings with normal talents - exactly as with the earlier cave art, keeping one style of painting for 10000 years (between dated 30000 BP for Altamira and 20000 BP for youngest) really defies the normal experience of human creativity in the arts.

  • 5) In pre-Nuraghic Sardinia, 4145 years of conventional dating are reduced to less than 985 years. As stated here, in French:

    Redatant la Sardaigne pré-nuraghique avec mes tables?
    http://filolohika.blogspot.com/2016/01/redatant-la-sardaigne-pre-nuraghique.html


    This reduces the time of the Bonu Ighinu culture, during which they say a certain "Mother goddess was worshipped", from alleged 430 years to about half.

    Meaning Pagan cults if such are less stable. Also, with less persistance of depictions, one is less sure it was even a Pagan goddess.

    I feel pretty confident, using my table for redating things will continue to pay off and things of prehistory start making more sense.


Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
St. Josaphat of Polotsk
Bishop and Martyr
14.XI.2016

jeudi 10 novembre 2016

Some Triassic places with complete taxonomic lists


Do Permian Critters Come from Same Places? · Some Triassic places with complete taxonomic lists

If Palaeocritti is really not bad, Fossilworks is in some ways even better for my purpose.

Waldkatzenbach am Katzenbuckel (Triassic of Germany)
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=118146&is_real_user=1


Where:
Baden-Württemberg, Germany (49.5° N, 9.0° E: paleocoordinates 14.4° N, 20.1° E)

  • coordinate based on nearby landmark

  • small collection-level geographic resolution


When:
Oberes Konglomerat Member (Hardegsen Formation), Spathian (251.3 - 247.2 Ma)

  • Upper Conglomerate Horizon (Oberes Konglomerat), Hardegsen Formation (S6), top of the Middle Buntsandstein section. Late Olenekian


Environment/lithology:
terrestrial; lithology not reported


Taxonomic list
 
Osteichthyes
Temnospondyli - Odenwaldia heidelbergensis n. gen. n. sp. Morales and Kamphausen 1984 tetrapod
 
GPIH SMO 1, a natural mould of the skull, preserving most of the skull roof, the marginal dentition, parts of the braincase, and traces of the palate


Tsilma River (Triassic of Russian Federation)
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=39811

Also known as Tsilma-1, Cherepanka-1, Cherepanka-3

Where:
Komi, Russian Federation (65.4° N, 52.1° E: paleocoordinates 40.2° N, 30.4° E)

  • coordinate based on nearby landmark

  • local area-level geographic resolution


When:
Charkabozh Formation, Olenekian (251.3 - 247.2 Ma)

  • upper part of Charkabozhskaya Svita (Novikov et al., 1990)

  • The generic composition of the fauna coincides with the upper part of the Vetlugian "supergorizont" or the Lower Olenekian substage, respectively, which is further supported by the presence of an Early Olenekian palynoassemblage at locality Tsilma-1 (Novikov et al., 1990).


Environment/lithology:
terrestrial; lithified, gray, green, red claystone and lithified, coarse-grained siliciclastic

  • alternation of red and greenish-grey clay with intercalations of sand and conglomerates


Taxonomic list
 
Osteichthyes
Temnospondyli - BenthosuchidaeAngusaurus tsylmensis n. sp. tetrapod
Vyborosaurus mirus n. sp. tetrapod
Temnospondyli - Wetlugasaurus malachovi n. sp. Novikov 1990 tetrapod
 
Reptilia
Loricata - Rauisuchidae Tsylmosuchus jakovlevi Sennikov 1990 rauisuchid
 
Parareptilia
Procolophonia - Procolophonidae Timanophon raridentatus Novikov 1991 parareptile
 
PIN 4332/4, 5 (a right pterygoid and a fragment of a left dentary, from Cherepanka-1); PIN 4333/9, 10 (a fragment of a left maxilla and a dentary, from Tsilma-1); details on specimens are from Novikov (1991); Ivakhnenko (2008) furthermore lists a VNIGRI specimen (no. 843/9) from Cherepanka-3 and also allocates the PIN 4332 specimens to that locality
 
  • Timanophon raridentatus was originally entered as "n. gen, n. sp.". Indeed, Novikov et al. (1990, primary reference ) cite the name T. raridentatus as a new form ("нового прогрессивного проколофонина"), but neither do they designate a type specimen, nor do they give a diagnosis or a figure. The official description of T. raridentatus was actually carried out by Novikov (1991). In this work the occurence of T. raridentatus in the Pechora River drainage basin is confirmed, but the type specimen designated and figured therein is said to come from the Mezen' River drainage basin which is west of the Timan Ridge (not east as is the Pechora River drainage basin). The information on the type and referred material of T. raridentatus as given by Novikov (1991) is repeated (and thus confirmed, somehow) by Ivakhnenko (2008). Hence, the entry "n. gen. Timanophon n. sp. raridentatus" (falsely indicating the type occurence) was corrected to "Timanophon raridentatus". (TL, 2015-04-22)


UCMP V4513, Holbrook 5 quarry (Triassic to of the United States)
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=95091&is_real_user=1


Where:
Apache County, Arizona (34.9° N, 110.2° W: paleocoordinates 3.2° N, 38.8° W)

  • coordinate based on nearby landmark

  • small collection-level geographic resolution


When:
Holbrook Member (Moenkopi Formation), Aegean to Aegean (247.2 - 242.0 Ma)

  • Lucas & Schoch (2002: Lethaia 35: 97-106) inferred the Holbrook member to be earliest Anisian (Aegean–Bithynian) in age based upon tetrapod biostratigraphy (Eocyclotosaurus used to correlate Holbrook Member to German Upper Bundsandstein) and magnetostratigraphy

  • bed-level stratigraphic resolution


Environment/lithology:
terrestrial; lithology not reported


Taxonomic list
 
Osteichthyes
Temnospondyli - Cyclotosauridae Quasicyclotosaurus campi n. gen. n. sp. Schoch 2000 tetrapod
 
UCMP 37754, complete skull


Sonnenhalde, NE of Ochsenbach (Triassic of Germany)
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&collection_no=138863


Where:
Baden-Württemberg, Germany (49.0° N, 9.0° E: paleocoordinates 32.0° N, 10.2° E)

  • coordinate based on nearby landmark

  • small collection-level geographic resolution


When:
Lower Stubensandstein Member (Löwenstein Formation), Norian (221.5 - 205.6 Ma)

  • Lower Stubensandstein = lower part of Löwenstein Fm. (Norian)

  • bed-level stratigraphic resolution


Environment/lithology:
fluvial-lacustrine; lithified, fine-grained sandstone


Taxonomic list
 
Osteichthyes
Temnospondyli - Cyclotosaurus sp. Fraas 1889 tetrapod


North face Windeckerspitz (Triassic of Austria)
http://fossilworks.org/bridge.pl?a=collectionSearch&taxon_no= 37107&max_interval=Triassic&country=Austria&is_real_user=1&basic=yes&type=view&match_subgenera=1


Where:
Vorarlberg, Austria (47.1° N, 9.7° E: paleocoordinates 8.6° N, 21.7° E)

  • coordinate estimated from map

  • small collection-level geographic resolution


When:
Partnach Formation, Ladinian (242.0 - 235.0 Ma)

  • Early Ladinian

  • bed-level stratigraphic resolution


Environment/lithology:
shallow subtidal; gray marl

  • "dense, dark gray limestone with a large clay component (a 'marl' in German usage)"


Taxonomic list
 
Osteichthyes
Temnospondyli - Mastodonsauridae Tatrasuchus sp. Maryanska and Shishkin 1996 tetrapod
 
PIMUZ A/II 0054, lower jaw fragment


Note, no one claims that Permian things were found straight below these. Or Carboniferous even lower. At least not the kind of things that were once alive.

Nothing prevents these Triassic places from having been, rather than from a certain time 200 and more millions of years ago, simply certain faunal types from the Flood.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Saint Andrew Avellino,
10.XI.2016

mercredi 9 novembre 2016

Pre-Flood Biomass and More


Creation vs. Evolution : 1) C14 Calibrations, comparing two preliminary ones, mine and Tas Walker's · 2) Radioactive Methods Revisited, Especially C-14 · 3) What Some of You are Thinking / Ce que certains de vous sont en train de penser · Great Bishop of Geneva! : 4) Carbon Dating of Turin Shroud and Hacking and Conventional vs Creationist Dating · Creation vs. Evolution : 5) A Fault in my Tables? A Plan for Improvement? · 6) Pre-Flood Biomass and More · 7) Advantages of a Shorter Carbon 14 Chronology · 8) Hasn't Carbon 14 been Confirmatively Calibrated for Ages Beyond Biblical Chronology? By Tree Rings? · HGL's F.B. writings : 9) Comparing with Gerardus D. Bouw Ph. D., Debating with Roger M Pearlman on Chronology · 10) Continuing with Pearlman, Especially on Göbekli Tepe and Dating of Ice Age

I cannot take credit for coming up with the idea of biomass being vastly greater before the Flood. It belongs to John Baumgardner, Ph.D.*

What difference would this make? Lots more carbon in the atmosphere (and less nitrogen, nitrogen isn't stocked down in the earth, so more biomass meant more of the nitrogen, same total quantity as today, stocked in living creatures and less of it free in atmosphere), along with lots more oxygen (I presume, and I also presume for my part, part of that oxygen is now water after making an oxyhydrogen bang with hydrogen "waters" above that firmament when "the flood gates of heaven were opened"**) - that lots more carbon in atmosphere and less nitrogen, means even an equal production of new 14C from nitrogen hit by cosmic radiation of even same intensity would result in a lower 14C ratio in relation to the 12C.

And since biological material doesn't just swell the proportion of carbon so as to include more 14C, a lower 14C ratio meant, even with equal amount in total, which probably there wasn't, less 14C in each pound of living flesh, less 14C stocked in bones or possibly preserved soft tissue.

But of course, with less nitrogen in the air and much more nitrogen in living things on earth, while also less 14C was being formed, even with an equal amount of cosmic radiation.

That also would radically have altered 14C ratio downward. Even if the cosmic radiation was as great. Either counting it in relation to incoming radiation from space or in relation to protecting magnetic field. But on top of that it could even have been smaller with a stronger magnetic field, if for instance the flood gates of heaven would have included magnetic field as then stronger used by God for preventing too early formation of Brown's gas (in my scenario).

However, there is a hinch here.

If the rise in 14C ratio depended solely on the very sudden disappearance of much carbon along with biomass, we would have had a very sudden rise in 14C formation. And its reflection in living organisms.

On the other hand, in this scenario, there would also have been a more gradual rise (in time with decomposition of nitrogen from animal or plant bodies and evaporation of it from trapped bodies - I am supposing decomposing nitrogen is released again into atmosphere and not trapped forever as ammoniac - this is science somewhat beyond my level), and therefore a gradual rise in what the cosmic radiation had to hit.

This in its turn would have contributed to the rise of 14C in ways that involved less cosmic radiation beyond ours than I had presumed in my previous studies. So, the cosmic radiation just after Flood might even have been lower than the total background radiation at Princeton, and we still get the kind of rise in 14C which I describe in the table on the Avec un peu d'aide de Fibonnacci, and its modification in my previous essay on the subject.

More, I am not at all sure biomass could even have been as great as 100 times what we have now. If there was more oxygen (which on my view got down into the Oceans) and relatively less Nitrogen, that would not necessarily have made Earth able to support 100 times as much biomass as we have.

There might also be one hitch in Baumgardner's reasoning behind the 100 times***:

The Bible, by contrast, paints a radically different picture of our planet's history. In particular, it describes a time when God catastrophically destroyed the earth and essentially all its life. The only consistent way to interpret the geological record in light of this event is to understand that fossil-bearing rocks are the result of a massive global Flood that occurred only a few thousand years ago and lasted but a year. This Biblical interpretation of the rock record implies that the animals and plants preserved as fossils were all contemporaries. This means trilobites, dinosaurs, and mammals all dwelled on the planet simultaneously, and they perished together in this world-destroying cataclysm.


No, Evolutionists, the hitch is not trusting the Bible.

The hitch is this: for the trilobites, dinosaurs and fossile mammals actually preserved, this is certainly so.

But Evolutionists have projected each of the categories into a whole Earth fauna with LOTS more than is preserved.

We cannot really count on all that many T Reges, all that many Allosauri or Brontosauri. Or Dimetrodontes or Trilobita. Oh, sure, the ones we find, and certainly some order of magnitude more, but hardly as much as it would be if all the Evolutionist visions of faunae were piled onto each other as contemporary. And dito of florae.

So much for what I understand the argument of Baumgardner as meaning, if accepted and just added to my previous ones.

Now I'll discuss three scenarios, two with very huge pre-Flood and one with smaller pre-Flood biomass.

Let's start with the smaller one. Say it was twice as much as today, if even that. It became mainly fossil fuels, like coal, petrol and natural gas. Much of it has already been used up.

Have you noticed that the atmosphere is nearly as rich in 14C as before? The level hasn't dropped down to the presumed pre-Flood level - or to the actually proven pre-Flood level. I am presuming the amount released into atmosphere as gasses outweighs that tied down as plastic.

If that is all there is to the biomass from before the Flood, the argument is gone for Baumgardner. Also, petrol and other mineral resources will soon be up. That is not a disaster, for fuel one can use wood or dried cowdung. Or even dry seaweed, perhaps. And petrol per se is not among the things that make an acre more productive as arable land.

see enumeration on
New blog on the kid : More from wiki Arable land
http://nov9blogg9.blogspot.com/2016/11/more-from-wiki-arable-land.html


Other possibility (purely speculatively, without testing other consequences which might falsify, just taking the cue from Baumgardner), it was much larger, if not 100 times, 50 or at least 20 times the present. In this proposed case also, most went down into Earth, mineral carbon is very far from depleted due to this being much larger. If all were burnt, it would make a huge difference in the atmosphere and 14C would drastically sink. Because the new total level of Carbon dioxide in the atmosphere would be very much greater.

In and of itself, that would not be a disaster, it would restore levels of pre-Flood carbon dioxide. But it might flood parts of the Earth and dry out parts of the Earth.

Since Earth has since Flood much more water in the Seas, dry land after Flood depends much more on water not rising.

This part could be a non-possibility right there, if seas encroaching that much on land contradict:

Jeremias (Jeremiah) 5:22 Will not you then fear me, saith the Lord: and will you not repent at my presence? I have set the sand a bound for the sea, an everlasting ordinance, which it shall not pass over: and the waves thereof shall toss themselves, and shall not prevail: they shall swell, and shall not pass over it.

Unless God's keeping of this word involves us not burning too much petrol. Not "depends on", God has promised, but averting that we burn too much may be part of God's keeping this promise.

Third scenario, here also biomass was much larger, but it has gone into the seas, the carbon cycle of the seas, carbon dioxide streaming upward to the algae and cyanobacteria, biomass and dead biomass gravitating in steps to the deep, took care of far more than ever the fossil fuels.

This retains the argument of Baumgardner, but leaves the environmental issue as with a low pre-Flood biomass scenario. As, therefore, no big deal.

It also helps to explain the reservoir effect of dating things that live off lots of sea food. Though for this, it is enough that the carbon cycle of the Ocean is mainly distinct from that of the atmosphere. Mainly, it cannot be totally so.

But let's count a bit on biomass again.

I proposed that biomass 100 or even 50 times as great would involve Nitrogen being more tied up in organisms. Wouldn't that also be the case of Carbon? And wouldn't that in its turn have made the carbon that was forming as 14C rather more dominant in the pre-Flood atmosphere, making the 14C/12C ratio in atmosphere and therefore in living things much higher?

That would destroy Baumgardner's argument.

Or, suppose, small scenario, carbon cycle in atmosphere certainly totally outweighs that tied up in biomass, and did so nearly as much before the Flood, that would have left the 14C/12C ratio before the Flood about equal to now, if otherwise as much 14C was forming.

That is why I think we need, as Creationists, to presume less overall 14C was forming up to Flood. Either less cosmic radiation was produced, and stars and Sun obeying God started doing more of it just after Flood, or magnetic shield was far stronger and was suddenly weakened after Flood, or both.

And the kind of rise in 14C which has been seen since the Flood (and it is a gradual rise, you cannot squeeze all the stone age into the first decade after Flood, since then there lived only 8 adult persons, all born after Flood were as yet babies) means that more 14C was being added just after Flood (though gradual, it was arguably rising much faster after Flood than before stabilising), both more than before the Flood and more than even now.

Taken with the magnetic shield only, this gives a scenario of:

  • very strong shield Creation to Anno Mundi 2242, year of Flood
  • very weak shield just after Flood
  • gradual strengthening of the shield from 2242 to sth like anno Mundi 4700, that is 500 BC.
  • since then a stable level of 14C depending on a half strong shield.


And here I am contradicting "mainstream Creationist" scenario for magnetic shield, amn't I?

Sarfati's diagram from 1998 or from 2014 (article's writing date and update date) shows a maximal but decaying intensity up to Flood. Then a sudden drop at Flood with some reversals even, then fluctuations up to Christ, then a steady decay up to now.

This steady decay up to now would involve more 14C forming, and the decay keeping up with it less. And this would mean we would be in a growing 14C/12C ratio.

Not so, I have proven, in my essay Examinons une hypothèse qui se trouve contrefactuelle un peu de près, that this would mean that if halflife were calibrated by actual dating results, these would be shortening the halflife radically. As well as making it inconsistent : you would not be able to use the halflife calibrated by one histoirically datable object to accurately date one from a different century.

This means, I have to be very sceptical about Sarfati's model for the magnetic field. Now, he is giving a reference as an argument.

In the 1970s, the creationist physics professor Dr Thomas Barnes noted that measurements since 1835 have shown that the field is decaying at 5% per century1 (also, archaeological measurements show that the field was 40% stronger in AD 1000 than today2).

From: CMI : The earth’s magnetic field: evidence that the earth is young
by Jonathan Sarfati | March 1998; updated August 2014
http://creation.com/the-earths-magnetic-field-evidence-that-the-earth-is-young


Footnote 1 K.L. McDonald and R.H. Gunst, ‘An analysis of the earth’s magnetic field from 1835 to 1965,’ ESSA Technical Report, IER 46-IES 1, U.S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, 1967.

Footnote 2 R.T. Merrill and M.W. McElhinney, The Earth’s Magnetic Field, Academic Press, London, pp. 101–106, 1983.


No actual indication as how Merrill and McElhinney derive their view on Earth's magnetic field 1000 years ago is given, and the analyses ranging 1835 to 1965 could be a temporary trend.

I am not saying I am absolutely right here, but for the moment I can't see exactly how I could be wrong, if on the one hand datings of historically well dated objects (i e last 2500 years) confirms known dates and stable half life, and on the other hand 14C rose very steeply after Flood planing out up to then.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Dedication of
Our Saviour's Basilica
of the Lateran in Rome
9.XI.2016

Update next day:

I forgot (such was my lack of sleep) to add that if there is anything at all in a minor way with the argument of Baumgardner, it is at least enough to push the 14C from a pre-Flood value as per Baumgardner 0.4% to my initial post-Flood values of 3-4.sth %. Especially as the pre-Flood value would be the somewhat higher 0.43% of present, if replacing his equation:

With this more realistic pre-Flood 14C/12C ratio, we find that a value of 0.24 pmc corresponds to an age of only 4200 years (0.004 x 2-4200/5730 = 0.0024 = 0.24 pmc).


With this: we find that a value of 0.24 pmc corresponds to an age of only 4973 years (0.004379975236037067013526 x 2-4973/5730 = 0.0024 = 0.24 pmc)./HGL

* "However, uniformitarian assumptions are inappropriate when one considers that the Genesis Flood removed vast amounts of living biomass from exchange with the atmosphere—organic material that now forms the earth's vast coal, oil, and oil shale deposits. A conservative estimate for the pre-Flood biomass is 100 times that of today."

ICR : Carbon Dating Undercuts Evolution's Long Ages
by John Baumgardner, Ph.D.
http://www.icr.org/article/carbon-dating-undercuts-evolutions-long-ages


I must admit that in the following words he gives a somewhat possible alternative explanation to my model:

"If one takes as a rough estimate for the total 14C in the biosphere before the cataclysm as 40% of what exists today and assumes a relatively uniform 14C level throughout the pre-Flood atmosphere and biomass, then we might expect a 14C/12C ratio of about 0.4% of today's value in the plants and animals at the onset of the Flood. With this more realistic pre-Flood 14C/12C ratio, we find that a value of 0.24 pmc corresponds to an age of only 4200 years (0.004 x 2-4200/5730 = 0.0024 = 0.24 pmc)."

Obviously we are not talking the same timescale, not exactly, since he considers Flood centuries more recent than I do.

** This scenario, however, I can take credit for, see my debate with GreedyCapybara:

"I have my theory that both atmosphere with Oxygen and a Hydrogen vault were made as the air (oxygen) separated waters below the firmament (H2O) from waters above it (mostly H2 which is "instant water" if you add oxygen and a spark) and that some of both atmosphere and hydrogen layer were used up to make flood water."

Assorted retorts from yahoo boards and elsewhere : ... on Flood with GreedyCapybara7 (snappy version)
http://assortedretorts.blogspot.fr/2014/01/on-flood-with-greedycapybara7-snappy.html
*** Quote from article cited above.

mardi 8 novembre 2016

Parallel Answers to CMI : Is Genesis a Legend?


Sometimes, I look at what CMI cite as input, then do NOT look at what they answer, copy only the input, and then comment on it myself. So today.

Thomas Huxley was quoted
“I am fairly at a loss to comprehend how anyone, for a moment, can doubt that Christian theology must stand or fall with the historical trustworthiness of the Jewish Scriptures… if Abraham is more or less a mythical hero … the Story of the Deluge a fiction; that of the Fall a legend; and that of the Creation the dream of a seer; if all these definite and detailed narratives of apparently real events have no more value as history than have the stories of the regal period of Rome—what is to be said about the Messianic doctrine, which is so much less clearly enunciated: And what about the authority of the writers of the books of the New Testament, who … have not merely accepted flimsy fictions for solid truths, but have built the very foundations of Christian dogma upon legendary quicksands?”

And attributed
Huxley, T., Science and Hebrew Tradition, Appleton and Company, New York, p. 207, 1897.

A Blogger was quoted
“The writings of the bible were put down on paper by (mostly) old men who acted out of complete ignorance (for example the world was created in 7 days and is about 6,000 years old). We now know that that is COMPLETE nonsense so why should anyone have to abide by this rubbish?”

And attributed
A reader’s comment on: Phillips, M., Pinch yourself! A Tory Prime Minister is upholding the idea that traditional morality is bigotry, dailymail.co.uk, 14 February 2011.

[Their policy of not linking to blogs makes this attribution less clear.]

In
Christianity stands or falls on the historical accuracy of Genesis1
by Dominic Statham
http://creation.com/christianity-stands-or-falls


Now, I'll answer the blogger first:

Disagreeing with your world view is not ignorance.

Within your world view, you can argue that such a dinosaur being 100 million years old and such another one being 200 million years old is a matter of fact - as per the facthood you attribute to your scientists.

If you say a Ceratopsian is 300 million years old, you are contradicting what you presume to be known fact, namely Ceratopsians being from the latest chunk of Mesozoic, the Cretaceous, while 300 million years ago is hardly even Mesozoic, probably Palaeozoic.

But when it comes to a dinosaur being 100 million years old, or from the Flood, we are dealing with opinion, namely opinion or belief or conviction or rational conclusion on which of two systems for dating Ceratopsians is better : using Genesis chapters 6 to 8 as a clue or using chronostratigraphy as a clue. Or on which authority is better, using Bible as inerrant or using scientists as "best we have", and nothing contradicting their (from your p o v) presumed consensus can be backed up by anything else (including Bible or especially Bible) to YOUR satisfaction.

Now, Huxley tried to make a more detailed case and I will go to his characteristics one by one.

“I am fairly at a loss to comprehend how anyone, for a moment, can doubt that Christian theology must stand or fall with the historical trustworthiness of the Jewish Scriptures…

Very correct.

if Abraham is more or less a mythical hero …

I don't know what you mean exactly by mythical, I don't think you know it yourself.

If you mean "non-historic" that does in a way follow, but the problem is that "mythical heroes" are much more likely to be historic than "mythical [Pagan] gods".

the Story of the Deluge a fiction;

If it were a fiction, it is very noteworthy that people not in a position to plagiarise it from a common original (whether Bible or Babel) have nevertheless plagiarised it across the Atlantic Ocean as well as the Ural Mountains.

I do not think it is fiction for a moment.

that of the Fall a legend;

Sound like you accepted the Protestant view of how trustworthy legends are.

Calvin didn't like how Catholics venerated relics of the Holy Cross, so he attacked the Legend of St Helen and the Finding of the Cross.

Calvin didn't like how Catholics considered devoutly Papist saints holier and more trustworthy than he, so he attacked legends about them making miracles.

In the process, he redefined - for Protestants - the content of the word "legend".

To a Catholic "legenda" simply is the Latin for "shall be read" or "things that shall be read". And the legend of the Finding of the Cross shall indeed be read in Matins of May 3, along with other legenda:

Hierosolymis Inventio sacrosanctae Crucis Dominicae, sub Constantino Imperatore. In Jerusalem, Finding of the Most Holy Cross, under Emperor Constantine.
 
Romae, via Nomentana, passio sanctorum Martyrum Alexandri Papae Primi, Eventii et Theoduli Presbyterorum. Ex his Alexander, sub Hadriano Principe et Aureliano Judice, post vincula, carceres, equuleum, ungulas et ignes, punctis creberrimis per tota membra confossus ac peremptus est; Eventius vero et Theodulus, post longos carceres, ignibus examinati, ad ultimum decollati sunt. In Rome, on Via Nomentana, passion of holy martyrs Pope Alexander I, and the Priests Eventius and Theodule. Of these, Alexander, under Hadrian as Prince and Aurelian as Judge, after chains, gaols, easel, nails (pulled out?) and fire, most tight stings, was buried by all members and killed; but Eventius and Theodule, after long gaoling, tortured by fire, were at last beheaded.
 
Narniae sancti Juvenalis, Episcopi et Confessoris. In Narnia, sorry, in Narni, Saint Juvenal, Bishop and Confessor.
 
Apud montem Senarium, in Etruria, natalis sanctorum Sostenaei et Uguccionis Confessorum, e septem Fundatoribus Ordinis Servorum beatae Mariae Virginis; qui, caelitus admoniti, eadem die et hora, salutationem Angelicam recitantes, e vita migrarunt. Ipsorum autem ac Sociorum festum pridie Idus Februarii celebratur. At Monte Senario, in Tuscany, birthday of holy confessors Sosteneo and Uguccione, of the seven Founding Fathers of the Order of the Servants of the Blessed Virgin Mary; who, following adminishment from heaven, at the same day and hour, reciting the salute of the Angel, migrated from life. But their and their companions' feast is celebrated on February 12.
 
Constantinopoli sanctorum Martyrum Alexandri militis, et Antoninae Virginis. Haec, in persecutione Maximiani, sub Praeside Festo, ad lupanar damnata, et ab Alexandro, qui pro ipsa ibi remanserat, mutatis vestibus clam educta, cum eo postmodum jussa est torqueri; et ambo simul in ignem, praecisis manibus, pro Christo sunt injecti, atque ita, egregio peracto certamine, coronantur. In Constantinople of holy martyrs the Knight/Soldier Alexander and the Virgin Antonina. She, in the persecution of Maximian, under the praeses Festus, condemned to the brothel, and after changing clothes brought out from there in secret by Alexander who had remained there for her, was afterwards ordered to be tortured with him, and both were at the same time cast into the fire, with hands cut off, and so, after going through an outstanding competition, were crowned.
 
In Thebaide sanctorum Martyrum Timothei et Maurae conjugis, quos Arianus Praefectus, post multa tormenta, cruci jussit affigi; in qua, per novem dies cum vivi pependissent ac se ipsos in fide roborassent, martyrium consummarunt. In the Thebaid, holy martyrs Timotheus and his wife Maura, whom Arian the prefect (or whom the prefect who was an Arian), after many torments ordered to be fastened to a cross, on which, after having hung alive for nine days and strengthened each other in faith, they consumed their martyrdom.
 
Aphrodisiae, in Caria, sanctorum Martyrum Diodori et Rhodopiani, qui, in persecutione Diocletiani Imperatoris, a civibus suis lapidati sunt. In Aphrodisia, in Caria, of holy martyrs Diodore and Rhodopian, who, in the persecution of Diocletian the Emperor, were stoned by their own (fellow) citizens.
 
Et alibi aliorum plurimorum sanctorum Martyrum et Confessorum, atque sanctarum Virginum. R. Deo gratias. And elsewhere of many other holy Martyrs and Confessors, and of (many other) Holy Virgins. R. Thanks be to God.


And the legend of St Francis of Assisi is similarily read on the Matins of October 4th.

In this clearcut sense, the Fall IS a legend, because it SHALL be read, namely each Easter Vigil. Before you come to Flood, Exodus, other passages, Epistle and one of the Gospels for the Resurrection of Christ.

The Protestant use of the word "legend" is shilly-shallying. To one it means anything next to "total lie" and to another it means "nearly history, just not so well documented".

Those who use the words like this obviously thinks the above legends for Finding of the Cross and so on are not good documentation for these things actually happening.

Apparently, the extremely corrupt Roman Catholic Church, as per some Jack Chick tract, spent centuries without reading a word in the Bible, then someone panicked and said "why don't we get sth to read?" and then they started a committee to write all this, for each day of the year, just for fun.

Needless to say, the hypothesis for Jack Chick's view of Catholic legend is less well dated and placed (between which years they didn't read the Bible and when and where someone panicked) than the legends within the Roman Martyrology.

So, though I see no problem in calling the Fall, technically "a legend", it depends on what you mean, and it obviously does NOT mean fiction. It does not even mean "not historic".

and that of the Creation the dream of a seer;

The days preceding creation of Adam, thus up to beginning of day Six, obviously had no human witness, either Adam or Moses or both of them received this information in a vision.

Which is less problematic if you are, as I, a Catholic, and respect the visions of St Bridget or of Blessed Anna Katherina Emmerich.

Obviously, Huxley had the Protestant view of visions, at least of visions after the Bible was written, and Huxley, not quite unintelligibly, extended this view to the Biblical or Biblically implied (like this) visions as well.

if all these definite and detailed narratives of apparently real events

Yes, that is a point.

Do definite and detailed narratives of apparently real events spring up from nothing, just like that?

To a Protestant it would seem so, since they will not admit that St Francis cured lepers. And yet we have very definite and detailed narratives about that as an apparently real and recurring event in his life.

To a Catholic, it is obvious he is making an argument "ad homines" and that those men are Protestants. He was only too steeped into Protestant culture himself to notice that and he took his own p o v as a universal truth - accepted by everyone except backward Catholics and other Young Earth Creationists. (Yes, back then the Catholic Church was rather solidly, though not totally, Young Earth Creationist).

have no more value as history than have the stories of the regal period of Rome

Apparently he did not give any credence to the stories in Livy.

Perhaps "pour cause". Perhaps he lived in a Protestant culture to which these were obviously "legendary" (in the loose sense of the word), meaning, a polite word for "false".

What happened in Rome before the Republic had to be entirely rewritten by men who "had the good sense" not to trust Livy.

And with this attitude, why stop at the Bible?

Even a Protestant would have to admit, that Bible authors included material which a 19th C. historian would have rejected as spurious.

And there are two alternative logical conclusions to be drawn from that. Either Bible authors were wrong or 19th C. historians were, at least on that point.

For me it is the 19th C. historians who go.

—what is to be said about the Messianic doctrine, which is so much less clearly enunciated:

Namely in the prophecies of the Old Testament.

Correct. And one of the clearest is obviously also from one of the "legends", the "legend" of the Fall. Genesis 3:15. On top of that, one can be suspicious about that passage with more Protestant Anti-Catholic prejudice than Christianity - aren't those Papists using it to prop up their Mariolatrous superstitions?

And what about the authority of the writers of the books of the New Testament, who … have not merely accepted flimsy fictions for solid truths, but have built the very foundations of Christian dogma upon legendary quicksands?

If the 19th C attitude to proving history were right, then his view of the Old Testament stories would also be right, and his assessment of the New Testament authors would be rather fair too.


Now, after completing this article, I'll go off and see how Dominic Statham answered.

Hans Georg Lundahl
Nanterre UL
Octave of All Saints
8.XI.2016

PS: Perhaps I shouldn't have. He said:

The church must return to “the faith that was once for all delivered to the saints” (Jude 1:3).


Ouch!

When St Jude says it was once for all delivered to the saints, he is not saying the saints must return to it. He is saying the saints can never have lost it. You can't return to something you never left. Cfr. Matthew 28:20./HGL

PPS: Re-viewing the page, I find comments have been made.

Geoff W., Australia, 8 November 2016
Judaism stands or falls on Genesis. Christianity stands or falls on Jesus. ;-)

Dominic Statham responds
The problem with this argument is that the Gospel of Jesus Christ stands or falls on the truth of Judaism. As Jesus said, "salvation is from the Jews" (John 4:22). [etc.]


Not quite.

Rather the Gospel of Jesus Christ stands or falls on the truth of the Old Testament religion. That is another religion than Christ rejecting, either Talmudic or Karaite or Chassidic Judaism.

I have explained the difference here:

Φιλολoγικά/Philologica : Is Hinduism Older than Judaism and Christianity?
http://filolohika.blogspot.com/2016/04/is-hinduism-older-than-judaism-and.html

lundi 7 novembre 2016

Do Permian Critters Come from Same Places?


Do Permian Critters Come from Same Places? · Some Triassic places with complete taxonomic lists

[This post is going to extensively quote wiki on all articles of species, genera or larger groups of Permian fauna. I will - at least not at first, link to every article, just to the overarching one, here : Permian : Synapsid and amphibian fauna - while next one is reach from here to Eothyridae via article Pelycosaur. I am also not going to quotemark everything quoted, rather mark my own words within square brackets, as here. Please pay attention to what each quote says about where it was found.]

The Eothyrididae were a small group of very primitive, insectivorous synapsids. Only three genera are known, Eothyris, Vaughnictis and Oedaleops, all from the early Permian of North America.

Alierasaurus is an extinct genus of caseid synapsid that lived during the Permian in what is now Sardinia.

Angelosaurus dolani ('Dolan's Angel lizard', Olson & Berrbower 1953) was a pelycosaur (an extinct clade) of reptile. It is known from a partial skull from the Middle San Angelo Formation, Knox County, Texas, USA. It dates from the Kungurian (Early Permian).

Casea is an extinct genus of pelycosaur synapsid which was about 1.2 metres (4 ft) long, slightly smaller than the otherwise very similar Caseoides. Casea was one of the first terrestrial herbivores, sharing its world with animals such as Dimetrodon and Eryops. [Geography not mentioned, †Casea broilii : Williston, 1910 : Samuel Wendell Williston : probably in Kansas]

Caseoides was a large pelycosa ur synapsid that lived in the Kungurian Age (late Early Permian epoch). It was about 3 meters long, and like many other caseids, it was herbivorous. It weighed between 150 kg to 200 kg. Its fossils were found on Texas.

Caseopsis was a large pelycosaur that was about 3 meters long. Caseopsis lived in the late Early Permian epoch (Kungurian Age), before the pelycosaurs were replaced by the more advanced therapsids (in the next age). It was a lightly built, agile creature. It may have been possible for this species to outpace and escape large predators such as Dimetrodon. [Geography not mentioned - unless Kungurian age implies Kungur in Perm, Russia]

Cotylorhynchus was a very large synapsid that lived in the southern part of what is now North America during the Early Permian period.

  • Various skeletal parts of C. romeri have been found around central Oklahoma[3] in parts of Cleveland County.
  • Parts of C. hancocki have been found in northern Texa s in Hardeman and Knox counties.
  • C. bransoni specimens have been uncovered in Kingfisher and Blaine Counties of central-northwest Oklahoma.


Ennatosaurus (meaning "the 9th reptile") was a synapsid that lived in European Russia during the Wordian stage of the Permian period. It is included in the synapsid clade Caseidae in the order Pelycosauria. ... It lived alongside other Permian creatures, such as the herbivorous Nyctiphruretus and the carnivorous Biarmosuchus.

Nyctiphruretus (meaning "Guardian of the Night") is an extinct genus of nyctiphruretid parareptile known from the Guadalupian series (middle Permian) of European Russia. ... Many fossils of the type species, N. acudens, were found well preserved near the Mezen River of European Russia in various stages of growth. The dentition identified that Nyctiphruretus is a herbivore. Based on the large numbers of individuals found and the sediment that they were found in, it appears that their diet consisted of aquatic plants. Adults discovered averaged 36 cm in length with a 4.4 cm skull that was crushed but recognisable. Nyctiphruretus was first named by Efremov in 1938 and the type species is Nyctiphruretus acudens. In 2002, a second species was named by V. V. Bulanov.[1] N. optabilis is known from a single jaw, also from Russia, Eastern Europe. ... In 2014, MacDougall & Reisz described and named a second genus of Nyctiphruretidae, Abyssomedon, from the middle Leonardian stage of the late Early Permian of Comanche County, Oklahoma, south-central United States

Biarmosuchus is an extinct genus of biarmosuchian therapsid that lived around 267 mya during the Middle Permian period.Biarmosuchus was discovered in the Perm region of Russia. The first specimen was found in channel sandstone that was deposited by flood waters originating from the young Ural mountains.

Currently the most representative group of the Biarmosuchia, the Burnetiamorpha comprise ten genera: Bullace phalus, Burnetia, Lemurosaurus, Lobalopex, Lophorhinus, Paraburnetia, and Pachydectes from South Africa, Niuksenitia and Proburnetia from Russia, and Lende (MAL 290) from Malawi.[1] In addition, Sidor et al. (2010)[2] recently described a partial skull roof including the dorsal margin of orbits and parietal foramen of an unnamed burnetiid from the upper Permian of Tanzania, and Sidor et al. (2014) [3] noted the presence of a burnetiid in the middle Permian of Zambia. Other Biarmosuchia include Biarmosuchus and Ictidorhinus from Russia, Hipposaurus, Herpetoskylax and Lycaenodon from South Africa, and Wantulignathus from Zambia.

Eocasea is an extinct genus of caseid synapsid from the Late Pennsylvanian of Kansas. It is known from a single type species, Eocasea martini.

Euromycter is an extinct genus of large caseid synapsid from middle Early to early Late Permian (upper Sakmarian to lower Lopingian) deposits of Southern France. It is known from the holotype MNHN.F.MC L-2, complete skull with lower jaws and partial postcranial skeleton. It was collected by D. Sigogneau-Russell and D. Russell in the 1970s from the base of the M1 Member, Grès Rouge Group, near the town of Valady (département of Aveyron), Rodez Basin. It was first assigned to the species "Casea" rutena by Sigogneau-Russell and Russell, 1974. More recently, it was reassigned to its own genus Euromycter. Euromycter was first named by Robert R. Reisz, Hillary C. Maddin, Jörg Fröbisch and Jocelyn Falconnet in 2011 and the type species is Euromycter rutenus.

Ruthenosaurus is an extinct genus of large caseid synapsid from middle Early to early Late Permian (upper Sakmarian to lower Lopingian) deposits of Southern France. It is known from the holotype MNHN.F.MCL-1 a partial postcranial skeleton. It was collected by D. Sigogneau-Russell and D. Russell in the 1970s from the base of the Grès Rouge Group, near the town of Valady (département of Av eyron), Rodez Basin. It was first named by Robert R. Reisz, Hillary C. Maddin, Jörg Fröbisch and Jocelyn Falconnet in 2011 and the type species is Ruthenosaurus russellorum.

Oromycter is an extinct genus of caseid synapsid from the Early Permian of Oklahoma. The sole and type species, Oromycter dolesorum, was named in 2005 by Robert R. Reisz.

Phreatophasma is an extinct genus of tetrapod from the Middle Permian of European Russia. It includes only one species, Phreatophasma aenigmatum, which is itself known from a single femur found in a mine near the town of Belebei in Bashkortostan. Phreatophasma comes from a fossil assemblage that is latest Ufimian to earliest Kazanian in age under the Russian stratigraphic scheme, correlating with the Roadian Age (earliest Middle Permian, about 270 million years ago) under the international stratigraphic timescale.

Trichasaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. [Geography not mentioned]

Varanopidae is an extinct family of synapsid "pelycosaurs" that resembled monitor lizards and might have had the same lifestyle, hence their name. Like many other pelycosaur families, they evolved from an Archaeothyris-like synapsid in the Late Carboniferous; they had become extinct by the end of the Middle Permian. A varanopid from the latest Middle Permian Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone is the youngest known varanopid and the last member of the "pelycosaur" group of synapsids. [And Pristerognathus Assemblage Zone = a geological stratum and a faunal zone of the Beaufort Group, of the South African Karoo. Permian land fauna in Karoo, no big surprise.]

Apsisaurus is an extinct genus of Early Permian varanopid synapsid known from Texas of the United States. It was first named by Michel Laurin in 1991 and the type species is Apsisaurus witteri. Apsisaurus witteri is known from the holotype MCZ 1474, a three-dimensionally preserved partial skeleton including an incomplete skul l and mandibles.

Archaeovenator is an extinct genus of Late Carboniferous varanopid synapsid known from Greenwood County, Kansas of the United States. Archaeovenator hamiltonensis is known from the holotype KUVP 12483, a three-dimensionally preserved, nearly complete and articulated skeleton, including the skull, with limbs and girdles slightly separated from postcranial skeleton. It was collected in the Hamilton Quarry, from the Calhouns Shale Formation of the Shawnee Group, dating to the Virgilian stage (or alternatively late Kasimovian to early Gzhelian stage) of the Late Pennsylvanian Series, about 300 million years ago.

Mycterosaurus was an extinct genus of synapsid belonging to the family Varanopidae. It is classified in the varanopid subfamily Mycterosaurinae. Mycterosaurus is the most primitive member of its family. It lacks some features that its advanced relatives have. Mycterosaurus was about 60 cm long. [No geographic specification given, unlike in the reference, a page on palaeocritti - a site I tried to preserve on a blog]

Pyozia is an extinct genus of basal Middle Permian varanopid synapsid known from Russia. It was first named by Jason S. Anderson and Robert R. Reisz in 2004 and the type species is Pyozia mesenensis. Pyozia mesenensis is known from the holotype PIN 3717/33, a three-dimensionally preserved partial skeleton including a nearly complete skull. It was collected from the Krasnoschelsk Formation, dating to the Capitanian stage of the Guadalupian epoch, about 265.8-263 million years ago. [And that a Permian thing lived on Russian soil is not a huge surprise.]

Thrausmosaurus is a genus of synapsid pelycosaurs from the extinct family Varanopidae. Like all that resemble members of Varanopidae, Thrausmosaurus most likely resembled the modern monitor lizard and may have had the same lifestyle. The type and only species was described by R. C. Fox in 1962, from three fossilized jaw fragments bearing teeth. The specimens were recovered from the fissure-fill deposits uncovered in a Limestone Quarry, north of Fort Sill, Comanche County, Oklahoma, USA. These deposits are dated to the Kungurian (Leonardian) of the Lower Permian. [Do we start to recognise Oklahoma, now?]

Varanosaurus ('monitor lizard') is an extinct genus of early pelycosaur synapsid that lived during the Kungurian. [No geographic reference given]

Elliotsmithia is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. [No geographic reference given]

Heleosaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. It was originally described as a diapsid reptile. [Karoo - one of the pages on palaeocritti that I saved, Probably Abrahamskraal Formation, Beaufort Group, South Africa, and that means Karoo]

Mesenosaurus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. The only know species withi n this genus is Mesenosaurus romeri. [One can perhaps presume discoverer Efremov indicates Russia?]

Mycterosaurus was an extinct genus of synapsid belonging to the family Varanopidae. It is classified in the varanopid subfamily Mycterosaurinae. Mycterosaurus is the most primitive member of its family. It lacks some features that its advanced relatives have. Mycterosaurus was about 60 cm long. [And could Williston indicate Kansas?]

Aerosaurus (meaning "copper lizard") is an extinct genus within Varanopidae, a family of non-mammalian synapsids. It lived during the Early Permian in North America. The name comes from Latin aes (aeris) (combining stem: aer-) “copper” and Greek sauros “lizard,” for El Cobre Canyon (from Spanish cobre “copper”) in northern New Mexico, where the type fossil was found and the site of former copper mines.

Ruthiromia is an extinct genus of varanopid synapsid from the Early Permian of the United States. [acc. to reference also El Cobr e Canyon]

Tambacarnifex (meaning "Tambach butcher") is an extinct genus of varanodontine synapsid known from the Early Permian Tambach Formation of Free State of Thuringia, central Germany. It was first named by David S. Berman, Amy C. Henrici, Stuart S. Sumida, Thomas Martens and Valerie Pelletier in 2013 and the type species is Tambacarnifex unguifalcatus.

Varanodon was a pelycosaur of the family Varanopidae.[1] It reached a length of about 1.2-1.4 m.[2] It lived during the early late Permian period.[3] Note 1 gives Middle (Roadian) or Early (Kungurian) Permian Chickasha Formation of Oklahoma.

Varanops is an extinct genus of Early Permian varanopid synapsid known from Texas and Oklahoma of the United States. It was first named by Samuel Wendell Williston in 1911 as a second species of Varanosaurus, Varanosaurus brevirostris.[1] In 1914, Samuel W. Williston reassigned it to its own genu s and the type species is Varanops brevirostris. [And here we see that Williston does not automatically mean Kansas, sorry!]

V. brevirostris is known from the holotype FMNH UC 644, a three-dimensionally preserved nearly complete and articulated skeleton including a nearly complete skull and mandibles. It was collected in the Indian Creek, 35 site (=Cacops Bonebed), from the Arroyo Formation of the Clear Fork Group, Baylor County of Texas, dating to the early Kungurian stage of the Cisuralian Epoch, about 279.5-272.5 million years ago. Many well preserved specimens from the same locality and horizon of the type specimen, including FMNH UR 2423, nearly complete skull and mandibles, MCZ 1926, complete skull and mandibles and FMNH P 12841, partial skeleton, are referred to V. brevirostris.[3] One articulated skeleton with bite marks was found in southwest of Abilene (Arroyo Formation), Taylor County of Texas.[4] Specimens (OMNH 73156-73178) of V. brevirostris were a lso collected in the Richards Spur, from the Garber Formation (Dolese Brothers Limestone Quarry) of the Sumner Group, Comanche County of Oklahoma, dating to the same age.[3] Those remains came from at least three individuals, and represents the first varanodontine material from the Richards Spur.[5] Finally, TMM 43628-1, a partial skeleton with nearly complete skull, was collected in the Mud Hill locality, from the Vale Formation of the Clear Fork Group, Taylor County, also dating to the same age.[3]


[Does Comanche County of Oklahoma ring a bell?]

Watongia is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid from Middle Permian of Oklahoma. Only one species has been described, Watongia meieri, from the Chickasha Formation. [Chickasha Oklahoma ... have we seen that before?]

Ophiacodontidae is an extinct family of early synapsids from the Carboniferous and Permian. Archaeothyris, and Clepsydrops were among the earliest ophiacodontids, appearing in the Late Carboniferous. Ophiacodontids are among the most basal synapsids, an offshoot of the lineage which includes therapsids and their descendants, the mammals. The group became extinct by the Middle Permian, replaced by anomodonts, theriodonts, and the diapsid reptiles. ... Traditionally, Archaeothyris, Ophiacodon, Varanosaurus and the briefly described Baldwinonus, Clepsydrops, Echinerpeton, Stereophallodon and Stereorhachis are included in the Ophiacodontidae. Protoclepsydrops was also regarded as ophiacodontid, however there is debate as to whether or not it was a synapsid. Echinerpeton and Sterophallodon were included for the first time in a phylogenetic analysis by Benson (in press). Echinerpeton was found to be a wildcard taxon due to its small amount of known materials. It occupies three possible positions, falling either as the most basal synapsid, as the sister taxon of Caseasauria plus more derived taxa, or as an ophiacodontid more derived than Archaeothyris. Below is a cl adogram modified from the analysis of Benson (in press), after the exclusion of Echinerpeton ....

[This means we will have to link to the subcategories, once again ...]

Archaeothyris is an extinct genus of ophiacodontid synapsid that lived during the Late Carboniferous and is known from Nova Scotia [Nova Scotia is a new one - but remember, this is not Permian, but Late Carboniferous]

Ophiacodon (meaning "snake tooth") is an extinct genus of synapsids belonging to the family Ophiacodontidae that lived from the Late Carboniferous to the Early Permian in North America and possibly Europe.

England: Kenilworth - Cisuralian[6]
France:
Lower Permian of Autun
Canada:
(?)Nova Scotia:
Joggins Formation - Moscovian (Carboniferous)/Kasimovian
United States:
Arizona:
Cutler Formation - Cisuralian
Colorado:
Cutler Formation - Cisuralian
Kansas:
Fort Riley, Chase Group - Cisuralian
New Mexico:
Cutler Formation - Cisuralian
Ohio:
Green-Formation, Dunkard Group Cisuralian[7]
Oklahoma:
Ada Formation - Pennsylvania, Clyde Formation, Wellington Formation - Cisuralian
Texas:
Admiral Formation, Belle-Plains Formation, Clyde Formation, Wichita Group - Cisuralian
Utah:
Cutler Formation - Cisuralian


[Varanosaurus was already seen]

Baldwinonus is an extinct genus of basal synapsid from the Early Permian. The type species is Baldwinonus trux, named in 1940 from the Cutler Formation of New Mexico. A second species, Baldwinonus dunkardensis, was named in 1952 from Ohio.

Clepsydrops was a primitive amniote from the early Late Carboniferous that was related to Archaeothyris and the synapsids—the ancestors of mammals. Like many other terrestrial early amniotes, it probably had the diet of insects and smaller animals. It probably also laid eggs on land rather than in the water, as most of its ancestors did. A paleobiological inference model for the femur[1] likewise suggests a terrestrial lifestyle for Clepsydrops, as for its more recent relative Ophiacodon,[2] which is consistent with its rather thin, compact cortex. Its jaws were slightly more advanced than those of Paleothyris and Hylonomus.

  • Clepsydrops collettii
  • Clepsydrops limbatus
  • Clepsydrops natalis
  • Clepsydrops vinslovii


[No geographical indication is given.]

Paleothyris was a small, agile, anapsid reptile which lived in the Middle Pennsylvanian epoch in Nova Scotia (approximately 312 to 304 million years ago). [Pennsylvanian is a N Am synonym for Carboniferous, not sure whether "later" or "earlier", and Carboniferous in Nova Scotia is familiar.]

Hylonomus (...hylo- "forest" + nomos "dweller")[1] is an extinct genus of reptile that lived 312 million years ago during the Late Carboniferous period.[2] It is the earliest unquestionable reptile (Wes tlothiana is older, but in fact it may have been an amphibian, and Casineria is rather fragmentary). The only species is the type species Hylonomous lyelli. .... Fossils of Hylonomus have been found in the remains of fossilized club moss stumps in Joggins, Nova Scotia, Canada.

Echinerpeton is an extinct genus of synapsid, including the single species Echinerpeton intermedium from the Late Carboniferous of Nova Scotia, Canada.

Stereophallodon is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid. [Geographic indication not given.]

Stereorhachis is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid from the Late Carboniferous of France.

Protoclepsydrops was an early amniote, found in Joggins, Nova Scotia.

Caseasauria is one of the two main clades of early synapsids, the other being the Eupelycosauria. Caseasaurs are currently known only from the Late Carboniferous[1] and the Permian, and include two superficially different families, the small insectivorous or carnivorous Eothyrididae, and the large herbivorous Caseidae. These two groups share a number of specialised features associated with the morphology of the snout and external naris.

  • †Caseidae [done]
  • †Eothyrididae [see below]
  • †?Phreatophasma [done]


The Eothyrididae were a small group of very primitive, insectivorous synapsids. Only three genera are known, Eothyris, Vaughnictis and Oedaleops, all from the early Permian of North America. Their main distinguishing feature is the large caniniform tooth in front of the maxilla.

Reference : "Eothyris and Oedaleops: Do these Early Permian synapsids from Texas and New Mexico form a clade?". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 29: 39.

Edaphosauridae is a family of mostly large (up to 3 meters or more) Late Carboniferous to Early Permian synapsids. Edaphosaur fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe.

  • †Edaphosaurus
  • †Glaucosaurus
  • †Ianthasaurus
  • †Lupeosaurus
  • †Xyrospondylus (?)


Edaphosaurus (/ˌɛdəfoʊˈsɔːrəs/, meaning "pavement lizard" for dense clusters of teeth) is a genus of extinct edaphosaurid synapsid that lived around 300 to 280 million years ago, during the late Carboniferous to early Permian periods. The American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope first described Edaphosaurus in 1882,[1] naming it for the "dental pavement" on both the upper and lower jaws, from the Greek edaphos/εδαφος ("ground"; also "pavement") and σαυρος/sauros ("lizard"). Edaphosaurus is important as one of the earliest known large plant-eating (herbivorous) amniote tetrapods (four-legged land-living vertebrates). In addition to the large tooth plates in its jaws, the most characteristic feature of Edaphosaurus is a sail on its back. A number of other synapsids from the same time period also have tall dorsal sails, most famou sly the large apex predator Dimetrodon. However, the sail on Edaphosaurus is different in shape and morphology. The first fossils of Edaphosaurus came from Texas in North America, with later finds in New Mexico, Oklahoma, West Virginia, and Ohio. Fragmentary fossils attributed to Edaphosaurus also have been found in the Czech Republic and in Germany in Central Europe.

  • Edaphosaurus novomexicanus Williston & Case, 1913 New Mexico
  • Edaphosaurus boanerges Romer & Price, 1940 Texas
  • Edaphosaurus microdus Cope, 1884 Texas
  • Edaphosaurus pogonias Cope, 1882 Texas
  • Edaphosaurus raymondi Case, 1908 Texas
  • Edaphosaurus cruciger Cope, 1878 Texas and Oklahoma
  • Edaphosaurus colohistion Berman, 1979 West Virginia


Glaucosaurus was a small edaphosaurid from the Early Permian. ... Glaucosaurus is known only from its holotype, a partial skull and jaw. Almost all of the sutures have been obliterated. Nevertheless, there is broad agreement that Glaucosaurus is not only an edaphosaurid, but a close relative of Edaphosaurus itself.

Glaucosaurus article on paleos says Range: Middle Cisuralian [L06] of Texas

Ianthasaurus was a small edaphosaurid from the Late Carboniferous. ... It was named by Robert R. Reisz and David Berman in 1986.[2][3] It was discovered by them in the Upper Pennsylvanian Rock Lake Shale near Garnett, Kansas.

Lupeosaurus is an extinct genus of pelycosaurian synapsid, assigned to the family Edaphosauridae. It is known from only two described specimens, both consisting of postcranial bits and pieces.

Paleos says Range: Cisuralian (Asselian or earliest Sakmarian) of Texas [RP40]

Xyrospondylus is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid.

Paleofile says:
Holotype:
KUMNH 9963

Locality:
Charles A. Hardesty farm, NW/4, NE/4, sec. 5, T20S, R19E, Putnam Township, Anderson County, Near Garnett, Anderson County, Kansas.

Horizon:
Rock Lake Member, Stanton Formation, Lansing Group.

Biostratigraphy:
Age:
Missourian, Lower Stephanian, upper Silesian Stage, Kasimovian Epoch? Late Pennsylvanian (Late Carboniferous).


Sphenacodontidae (Greek: "wedge point tooth family") is an extinct family of small to large, advanced, carnivorous, Late Pennsylvanian to middle Permian pelycosaurs. Primitive forms were generally small (60 cm to 1 meter), but during the later part of the early Permian these animals grew progressively larger (up to 3 meters or more), to become the top predators of their environments. Sphenacodontid fossils are so far known only from North America and Europe.

  • Ctenorhachis
  • Cutleria
  • Macromerion
  • Neosaurus
  • Secodontosaurus?
  • Steppesaurus
  • Sphenacodontinae :
  • Cryptovenator
  • Ctenospondylus
  • Dimetrodon
  • Sphenacodon


Ctenorhachis (Greek for "comb spine") is an extinct genus of the family Sphenacodontidae. Ctenorhachis was related to Dimetrodon, but did not belong to the same subfamily as Dimetrodon and Sphenacodon, being a more basal member of Sphenacodontidae. Ctenorhachis lived in the Early Permian epoch. Two specimens are known that have been found from the Wichita Group outcropping in Baylor and Archer counties, north-central Texas. Only the vertebrae and pelvis are known.

Cutleria is an extinct genus of basal sphenacodontid[1] or derived stem-sphenacodontoid[2] known from the Early Permian period (Asselian to mid-Sakmarian stage) of the Colorado, United States. It contains a single species, Cutleria wilmarthi. Cutleria is known only from the holotype specimen USNM 22099, fractured but three-dimensionally preserved, nearly complete skull and art iculated partial postcranial skeleton (including vertebral column, ribs and several girdle and limb elements). It was collected at locality 3, near Placerville of San Miguel County, Colorado, from the Cutler Formation, dating to the Asselian to mid-Sakmarian stage of the Cisuralian series, about 299-290 million years old.[2][3] MCZ 2987, a tip of the rostrum and some teeth collected 2.5 km from the type locality (from localities 11-13), was originally referred to C. wilmarthi by Lewis and Vaughn (1965).[3] A redescription of sphenacodonts by Michel Laurin (1993 and 1994), revealed that it can't be assigned to any named sphenacodont genus. Although its teeth also bear cutting edges without serrations, they are more bulbous, not as strongly compressed laterally and not curved distally. A new genus wasn't erected for MCZ 2987, as it is very fragmentary and lacks sufficient diagnostic features.

Macromerion is an extinct genus of non-mammalian synapsid from the Late Carboniferou s of Germany.

Neosaurus is a pelycosaur-grade synapsid from the Early Permian of the Jura region of France. It is known only from a partial maxilla or upper jaw bone and an associated impression of the bone. The teardrop shape of the teeth in the jaw indicate that Neosaurus belongs to the family Sphenacodontidae, which includes the better-known Dimetrodon from the southwestern United States.

Acta Palaeontologica Polonica says : Among the few described European taxa is Neosaurus cynodus, from the La Serre Horst, Eastern France. This species is represented by a single specimen, and its validity has been questioned. A detailed revision of its anatomy shows that sphenacodontids were also present in the Lodève Basin, Southern France.

Secodontosaurus (meaning "cutting-tooth lizard"), an extinct genus of "pelycosaur" synapsid that lived from between about 285 to 270 million years ago during the Early Permian. ... Fossils of Secodontosaurus have been found in Texas in North America in the Wichita and the Clear Fork groups of Early Permian formations. In recent years, teams from the Houston Museum of Natural Science have recovered remains in the Clear Fork Red Beds of North Texas that appear to be new specimens of Secodontosaurus. These discoveries are mentioned in online blogs [3][4] but so far have not been formally described.

Steppesaurus is an extinct genus of pelycosaur belonging to the Sphenacodontidae family, related to Dimetrodon and Sphenacodon. [Geographic indication by wikipedian category : Permian synapsids of North America]

Cryptovenator (Crypto, from Greek kryptos (hidden, secret); venator, from Latin (hunter)) is an extinct genus of sphenacodontid pelycosaur which existed in Germany during the latest Carboniferous (late Gzhelian age, 300 Ma ± 2.4 Ma). It is known from the holotype LFN−PW 2008/5599−LS, an anterior right mandible fragment, recovered from a dark, fine grained sandstone of the middle Remigiusberg Formation. It was first named by Jörg Fröbisch, Rainer R. Schoch, Johannes Müller, Thomas Schindler and Dieter Schweiss in 2011 and the type species is Cryptovenator hirschbergeri. [Here is German wiki: Die Remigiusberg-Formation ist in der Erdgeschichte die unterste lithostratigraphische Gesteinseinheit des Rotliegend (Perm) des Saar-Nahe-Beckens. Sie folgt auf die Breitenbach-Formation (Oberkarbon) und wird von der Altenglan-Formation überlagert. Die Datierung ist noch nicht ganz gesichert. Nach Boy & Schindler (2000) wird sie noch in das höchste Karbon gestellt. Die Remigiusberg-Formation ist nach dem Remigiusberg auf der Gemarkung der Gemeinde Haschbach im Landkreis Kusel (Rheinland-Pfalz) benannt.]

  • Remigiusberg : Koordinaten: 49° 31′ 21″ N, 7° 26′ 26″ E
  • Haschbach am Remigiusberg : Haschbach am Remigiusberg is an Ortsgemeinde – a municipal ity belonging to a Verbandsgemeinde, a kind of collective municipality – in the Kusel district in Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. It belongs to the Verbandsgemeinde of Kusel, whose seat is in the like-named town.
  • Kusel is a district (Kreis) in the south of Rhineland-Palatinate, Germany. Neighboring districts are (from north-west clockwise) Birkenfeld, Bad Kreuznach, Donnersbergkreis, Kaiserslautern, Saarpfalz and Sankt Wendel (the last two belonging to the state of Saarland).
  • Rhineland-Palatinate (German: Rheinland-Pfalz, pronounced [ˈʁaɪ̯nlant ˈp͡falt͡s]) is one of the 16 states (German: Länder, lit. "countries") of the Federal Republic of Germany. It has an area of 19,846 square kilometres (7,663 sq mi) and about four million inhabitants. Its state capital is Mainz.[3] Rhineland-Palatinate is located in western Germany and borders Belgium, Luxembourg and France, and the German states of North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Baden-Württe mberg and Saarland.


Ctenospondylus, ("comb vertebra") was a pelycosaur that was about 3 meters (10 feet) long. It is known only from the 'Seymouran' Land Vertebrate Faunachron, which is equivalent to the upper part of the Artinskian stage and the lowermost Kungurian stage of the Early Permian.[1] Its fossils were found in the U.S. states of Ohio and Texas. [Ohio, Texas ... sounds familiar]

Reference : Lucas, S.G. (2006). "Global Permian tetrapod biostratigraphy and biochronology". In Lucas S,G.; Cassinis G.; Schneider J.W. Non-Marine Permian Biostratigraphy and Biochronology. Special Publications. 265. London: Geological Society. pp. 65–93. ISBN 9781862392069. Retrieved 10 December 2012.

Dimetrodon (Listeni/daɪˈmiːtrədɒn/;[1] meaning "two measures of teeth") is an extinct genus of synapsid that lived during the Early Permian period, around 295–272 million years ago (Ma).[2][3][4] It is a member of the family Sphenacodontidae. The m ost prominent feature of Dimetrodon is the large sail on its back formed by elongated spines extending from the vertebrae. It walked on four legs and had a tall, curved skull with large teeth of different sizes set along the jaws. Most fossils have been found in the southwestern United States, the majority coming from a geological deposit called the Red Beds in Texas and Oklahoma. More recently, fossils have been found in Germany. Over a dozen species have been named since the genus was first described in 1878.

  • Dimetrodon occidentalis Berman, 1977 Arizona, New Mexico, Utah
  • Dimetrodon teutonis Berman et al., 2001 Germany
  • Dimetrodon grandis Romer and Price, 1940 Oklahoma, Texas
  • Dimetrodon limbatus Romer and Price, 1940 Oklahoma, Texas
  • Dimetrodon borealis Leidy, 1854 Prince Edward Island
  • Dimetrodon angelensis Olson, 1962 Texas
  • Dimetrodon booneorum Romer, 1937 Texas
  • Dimetrodon dollovianus Case, 1907 Texas
  • Dimetrodon gigashomogenes Case, 1907 Texas
  • Dimetrodon kempae Romer, 1937 Texas
  • Dimetrodon macrospondylus Case, 1907 Texas
  • Dimetrodon milleri Romer, 1937 Texas
  • Dimetrodon natalis Romer, 1936 Texas
  • Dimetrodon loomisi Romer, 1937 Texas, Oklahoma


Fossils of Dimetrodon are known from the United States (Texas, Oklahoma, New Mexico, Arizona, Utah and Ohio) and Germany, areas that were part of the supercontinent Euramerica during the Early Permian. Within the United States, almost all material attributed to Dimetrodon has come from three geological groups in north-central Texas and south-central Oklahoma: the Clear Fork Group, the Wichita Group, and the Pearce River Group.

Here is also a List of Pelycosaurs Click "location" for a grouping according to these.

Diadectes (meaning crosswise-biter) is an extinct genus of large, very reptile-like amphibians that lived during the early Permian period (Cisuralian epochs, between 290 and 272 million years ago[1]). Diadectes was one of the very first herbivorous tetrapods, and also one of the first fully terrestrial animals to attain large size.

Diadectes was first named and described by the American paleontologist Edward Drinker Cope in 1878,[5] based on part of a lower jaw (AMNH 4360) from the Permian of Texas. Cope noted: "Teeth with short and much compressed crowns, whose long axis is transverse to that of the jaws," the feature expressed in the generic name Diadectes "crosswise biter" (from Greek dia "crosswise" + Greek dēktēs "biter"). He described the animal as "in all probability, herbivorous." Cope's Neo-Latin type species name sideropelicus (from Greek sidēros "iron" + Greek pēlos "clay" + -ikos) "of iron clay" alluded to the Wichita beds in Texas, where the fossil was found. Diadectes fossil remains are known from a number of locations across North America, especially the Texas Red Beds (Wich ita and Clear Fork). [Wichita .... hmmm?]

Dinocephalia is a clade of large-bodied early therapsids that flourished for a brief time in the Middle Permian between 272 and 260 million years ago (Ma), but became extinct leaving no descendants. Dinocephalians included both herbivorous and carnivorous forms. Many species had thickened skulls with many knobs and bony projections. Dinocephalian fossils are known from Russia, China, Brazil, South Africa, and Zimbabwe. [And South Africa means Karoo ... article shows a feller named as of late Moschops capensis]

Gorgonopsia ("Gorgon face") is an extinct suborder of therapsid synapsids. Like other therapsids, gorgonopsians (or gorgonopsids) were at one time called "mammal-like reptiles", though "stem mammals" is more accurate.

  • Family Gorgonopsidae
  • Aelurognathus
  • Aelurosaurus
  • Aloposaurus
  • Arctognathus
  • Arctops
  • Broomisaurus
  • Cephali custriodus
  • Cerdorhinus
  • Clelandina
  • Cyonosaurus
  • Dinogorgon
  • Eoarctops
  • Galesuchus
  • Leontocephalus
  • Lycaenops
  • Paragalerhinus
  • Scylacognathus
  • Viatkogorgon
  • Subfamily Gorgonopsinae
  • Gorgonops
  • Sauroctonus
  • Scylacops
  • Subfamily Inostranceviinae
  • Inostrancevia
  • Pravoslavlevia
  • Subfamily Rubidgeinae
  • Broomicephalus
  • Leogorgon
  • Prorubidgea
  • Rubidgea
  • Sycosaurus


Aelurognathus is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid from the Permian of South Africa. ... The type species is Aelurognathus tigriceps, originally named Scymnognathus tigriceps by South African paleontologists Robert Broom and Sydney H. Haughton in 1913, and later assigned to the new genus Aelurognathus by Haughton in 1924. ... A broken tooth beside the skeleton of a dicynodont from the Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone has been attributed to Aelurognathus, indicating that it scavenged. [Tropidostoma Assemblage Zone = a faunal zone of the Beaufort Group, of the South African Karoo. The name refers to Tropidostoma, a genus of dicynodont, whose fossils have been found in that structure.]

Aelurosaurus ("cat lizard", from Ancient Greek αἴλουρος "cat" and σαῦρος "lizard") is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. It was first named by Owen in 1881, and contains four species, A. felinus, A. polyodon, A. whaitsi, and A. wilmanae. [Karoo Horizon: Cistecephalus assemblage zone, Beaufort group, Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian). Type locality: Karoo basin, South Africa.]

Aloposaurus is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid from the Late Permian of South Africa. It was first named by Broom in 1910, and contains the type species A. gracilis, and possibly a second species A. tenuis.[1] This small gorgonopsid had a slender narrow skull only 12 centimetres (4.7 in) long, with a total body length of 60–70 cm (2.0–2.3 ft). Aloposaurus is known from a single weathered skull from a probable immature individual.[2] [Karoo]

Arctognathus is an extinct genus of gorgonopsid that throve during the Late Permian in the Karoo basin of what is now South Africa.

Arctops ("Bear face") is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid known from the Late Permian of South Africa. It measured up to 2 m (6 ft) in length and its skull was 30 cm (1 ft) long.[1] The type species is Arctops willistoni. A second species, A. watsoni, may be synonymous with A. willistoni. A. kitchingi may be a third species of Arctops, but it was only tentatively assigned to the genus when it was first named.

Broomisaurus is an extinct genus of Gorgonopsia. It was first named by Joleaud in 1920, and contains the single species B. planiceps. Gebauer (2007) considered Broomisaurus to be a nomen dubium, indistinguishable as a separate taxon of gorgonopsian because it is based on only a fragmentary remains.[1] A 2015 paper on Eriphostoma tentatively agreed with Gebauer's determination, but did not rule out the possibility that Broomisaurus might be synonymous with Eriphostoma.[2] [Eva Gebauer refers to the Skull and Skeleton of GPIT/RE/7113 and abstract names Ruhuhu-Valley in Tanzania]

Ruhuhucerberus is a very large, extinct gorgonopsian therapsid which existed in Tanzania during the Late Permian. Its fossils are found in the Penman Kawinga formation of the Ruhuhu Basin. It existed sympatrically with the even larger Rubidgea. (Redirected from Cephalicustriodus)

Cerdorhinu s is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid from the Permian of South Africa. The type species Cerdorhinus parvidens was named by South African paleontologist Robert Broom in 1936. A second species, Cerdorhinus rubidgei, was named in 1970. In 2007, it was reassigned to the genus Cyonosaurus.

Clelandina is an extinct genus of rubidgeine gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of Africa. It was first named by Broom in 1948. The type and only species is C. rubidgei. It is relatively rare, with only four known specimens.[1][2]

  • 1 Kammerer, Christian F. (2016). "Systematics of the Rubidgeinae (Therapsida: Gorgonopsia)". PeerJ. 4: e1608. doi:10.7717/peerj.1608.
  • 2 Fossilworks : Clelandina


[Cyonosaurus refers to same article by Gebauer]

Dinogorgon ("terrible gorgon") is an extinct genus of rubidgeine gorgonopsian from the Late Permian of South Africa and Tanzania. Dinogorgon was a 2 m (6 ft) long predator that preyed on reptiles and smaller therapsids.[1] It is a member of the tribe Rubidgeini.

Dinogorgon rubidgei
Holotype (RC 1):
snout
Horizon:
Cistecephalus-Dicynodon assemblage zone, Beaufort group, Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian).
Type locality:
Karoo basin, South Africa.
 
Dinogorgon quinquemolaris
Holotype (GPIT/RE/3430):
nearly complete skull
Referred specimen:
RC 103 (nearly complete skull. Holotype of D. oudebergensis)
Horizon:
Upper Permian
Locality:
Tanzania and South Africa.
 
Dinogorgon pricei
Holotype (BPI 225):
incomplete skull
Horizon:
Cistecephalus-Dicynodon assemblage zone, Beaufort group, Upper Permian (Wuchiapingian).
Type locality:
Karoo basin, South Africa.
 
Palaeocritti
Dinogorgon
https://sites.google.com/site/palaeocritti/by-group/gorgonopsia/dinogorgon


Eriphostoma is an extinct genus of gorgonopsian therapsid known from the Middle Permian (middle Capitanian stage) of Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone, South Africa. It was first named by Robert Broom in 1911 and the type species is Eriphostoma microdon. A revision of Eriphostoma by Kammerer (2013) found it to represent the earliest known gorgonopsian.[1] (Redirected from Eoarctops) (Redirected from Galesuchus)

[And Tapinocephalus Assemblage Zone is ... Karoo Basin]

[No more square brackets for my words].... I am sorry, we're in the middle of Gorgonopsia, and I am tired.

I think I have made my point./HGL