Archaeology of the Levant, my Recalibration

Let's start with two articles, one from wiki, one from me.

List of archaeological periods (Levant)
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_archaeological_periods_(Levant)

New blog on the kid : Mes plus récentes tables de carbone 14
Wednesday 1 May 2024 | Posted by Hans Georg Lundahl at 09:28
https://nov9blogg9.blogspot.com/2024/05/mes-plus-recentes-tables-de-carbone-14.html

Stone Age

(2,000,000 BP – 3300 BCE)

Paleolithic

(2,000,000 BP – 8300 BCE)

Lower Paleolithic

2,000,000 BP – 300,000 BP

Middle Paleolithic

300,000 BP – 30,000 BP

So far,

except for the latter part of Middle Palaeolithic, everything is Potassium Argon dated rather than Carbon dated.

An inflated Potassium Argon date typically goes back to a Volcanic eruption having the lava cool quickly, trapping Argon.

This would typically have happened during the Flood of Noah, 2957 BC.

Carbon dated

Note that my tables would be using BC and so converting from BP. 30,000 BP = 28,000 BC.

Middle Paleolithic

300,000 BP – 30,000 BP

2884 av. J.-Chr. (BC)

4,804 pcm (pMC), donc daté à (so dated to) 27 984 av. J.-Chr. (BC)

Upper Paleolithic

30,000 BP – 12,000 BP

2633 av. J.-Chr.

36,973 pcm , donc daté à 10 883 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(8250/5730) => 36.862 pmC

2607 av. J.-Chr.

43,398 / 43,438 pcm, donc daté à 9507 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(6900/5730) => 43.401 pmC

(2633 + 2607) / 2 = 2620
(36.862 + 43.401) / 2 = 40.1315 pmC => 7550
7550 + 2620 = 10170 BC (too old carbon date)

(2633 + 2607 + 2607) / 3 = 2616 BC
(36.862 + 43.401 + 43.401) / 3 = 41.221 pmC => 7350
7350 + 2620 = 9970 BC (30 years too young, but fair enough)

Upper Paleolithic

ends 12,000 BP = 10,000 BC

2616 BC

41.221 pmC, so dated to 9970 BC

Epipalaeolithic

12,000 BP – 8300 BCE

2573 av. J.-Chr.

48,992 pcm, donc daté à 8473 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(5900/5730) => 48.982 pmC

2556 av. J.-Chr.

51,761 pcm, donc daté à 8006 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(5450/5730) => 51.723 pmC

(2573 + 2573 + 2556) / 3 = 2567 BC
(48.982 + 48.982 + 51.723) / 3 = 49.896 pmC => 5750
5750 + 2567 = 8317 BC

Epipalaeolithic

ends – 8300 BC

2567 BC

49.896 pmC, so dated to 8317 BC

Neolithic

(8300 BCE – 4500 BCE)

Pre-Pottery Neolithic

ends 5500 BC

2250 av. J.-Chr.

67,323 pcm, donc daté à 5500 av. J.-Chr.

Pottery Neolithic

ends 4500 BC

2097 av. J.-Chr.

74,891 pcm, donc daté à 4497 av. J.-Chr.

Chalcolithic

(4500 BCE – 3300 BCE)

Early Chalcolithic

ends 4000 BC

2039 av. J.-Chr.

78,209 pcm, donc daté à 4089 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(2050/5730) => 78.037 pmC

2022 av. J.-Chr.

79,035 pcm, donc daté à 3972 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(1950/5730) => 78.987 pmC

(2039 + 2022) / 2 = 2030
(78.037 + 78.987) / 2 = 78.512 pmC => 2000
2000 + 2030 = 4030 BC

Early Chalcolithic

ends 4000 BC

2030 BC

78.512 pmC, so dated to 4030 BC

Late Chalcolithic (Ghassulian)

ends 3300 BC

1868 av. J.-Chr.

84,1262 pcm, donc daté à 3318 av. J.-Chr.

Bronze Age

(3300 BCE – 1200 BCE)

Early Bronze Age

(3300 BCE – 2000 BCE)

Early Bronze Age I

ends 3000 BC

1778 av. J.-Chr.

85,9766 pcm, donc daté à 3028 av. J.-Chr.

Early Bronze Age II

ends 2700 BC

1700 av. J.-Chr.

87,575 pcm, donc daté à 2800 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(1100/5730) => 87.541 pmC

1678 av. J.-Chr.

89,4653 pcm, donc daté à 2598 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(920/5730) => 89.468 pmC

(1700 + 1678) / 2 = 1689 BC
(87.541 + 89.468) / 2 = 88.5045 pmC => 1000
1000 + 1689 = 2689 BC

Early Bronze Age II

ends 2700 BC

1689 BC

88.5045 pmC, so dated to 2689 BC

Early Bronze Age III

ends 2200 BC

1633 av. J.-Chr.

93,3283 pcm, donc daté à 2203 av. J.-Chr.

Early Bronze Age IV

ends 2000 BCE

1610 av. J.-Chr.

95,2011 pcm, donc daté à 2020 av. J.-Chr.

Middle Bronze Age

(2000 BCE – 1550 BCE)

Middle Bronze Age I

ends 1750 BCE

1566 av. J.-Chr.

97,441 pcm, donc daté à 1776 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(210/5730) => 97.492 pmC

1543 av. J.-Chr.

97,813 pcm, donc daté à 1723 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(180/5730) => 97.846 pmC

(1566 + 1543) / 2 = 1555 BC
(97.492 + 97.846) / 2 = 97.669 pmC => 200
200 + 1555 = 1755

Middle Bronze Age I

ends 1750 BCE

1555 BC

97.669 pmC, so dated 1755 BC

Middle Bronze Age II

ends 1650 BC

1521 av. J.-Chr.

98,184 pcm, donc daté à 1671 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(150/5730) => 98.202 pmC

1498 av. J.-Chr.

98,555 pcm, donc daté à 1618 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(120/5730) => 98.559 pmC

(1521 + 1498) / 2 = 1510 BC
(98.202 + 98.559) / 2 = 98.3805 pmC => 140
140 + 1510 = 1650 BC

Middle Bronze Age II

ends 1650 BC

1510 BC

98.3805 pmC, so dated to 1650 BC

But this is probably wrong, 1510 BC as year of the Exodus is probably dated to 1609 BC, as that was the eruption of Santorini.

Middle Bronze Age III

ends 1550 BC

1470 BC

99.037 pmC, so dated to 1550 BC

This one is correct and the date for the taking of Jericho.

Late Bronze Age

(1550 BCE – 1200 BCE)

Late Bronze Age I

ends 1400 BC

1364 av. J.-Chr.

99,3421 pcm, donc daté à 1424 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(60/5730) => 99.277 pmC

1341 av. J.-Chr.

99,425 pcm, donc daté à 1391 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(50/5730) => 99.397 pmC

(1364 + 1341) / 2 = 1353 BC
(99.277 + 99.397) / 2 = 99.337 pmC => 55
1353 + 55 = 1408 BC

Late Bronze Age I

ends 1400 BC

1353 BC

99.337 pmC, so dated to 1408 BC

Late Bronze Age II A

ends 1300 BC

1275 av. J.-Chr.

99,6725 pcm, donc daté à 1305 av. J.-Chr.

Late Bronze Age II B

ends 1200 BC

1207 av. J.-Chr.

99,918 pcm, donc daté à 1217 av. J.-Chr.

0.5^(10/5730) => 99.879 pmC

1179 BC

100 pmC, so dated to 1179 BC

(1207 + 1179) / 2 = 1193 BC
(99.879 + 100) / 2 = 99.9395 pmC => 5

0.5^(5/5730) => 99.9395 pmC

1193 + 5 = 1198 BC

Late Bronze Age II B

ends 1200 BC

1193 BC

99.9395 pmC so dates to 1198 BC.

At the fall of Troy, 1179 BC, my calibrations end. Not because there is nothing more to calibrate, but because from then on, calibration by tree rings is suffificiently good (at the start, I actually put this limit later, toward 600 to 500 BC).

Hans Georg Lundahl
Paris
XVIII Lord's Day after Pentecost
22.IX.2024